美国基础设施愿景报告（英）-布鲁金斯学会-2021.4-110页.pdf

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1、Rebuild with purpose AN AFFIRMATIVE VISION FOR 21ST CENTURY AMERICAN INFRASTRUCTURE Adie Tomer, Joseph Kane, and Caroline GeorgeApril 2021 PAGE 2BROOKINGS METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM Executive summary4 Introduction8 Context: Fundamental changes facing infrastructure and American competitiveness8 How

2、 this report works10 Climate Resilience12 Context12 Challenges16 Electricity16 Transportation and urban land17 Water20 Opportunities22 Mitigation22 Adaptation23 Digitalization25 Context25 Challenges26 The digital divide: Broadband connectivity gaps26 Integrating new technologies into the built envir

3、onment30 Managing data, cybersecurity, and AI ethics30 Digital workforce32 Opportunities32 Efficiency32 Equity33 Workforce34 Context34 Challenges36 Lack of workforce visibility and planning 36 Developing hard and soft skills39 An aging infrastructure workforce that lacks diversity39 Emergence of new

4、 technologies and climate needs41 Opportunities42 Visibility: Proactive regional planning and employer engagement42 Flexibility: Skills development and more accessible training opportunities43 Table of contents BROOKINGS METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAMPAGE 3 Fiscal Health45 Context45 Challenges47 Asset

5、management47 High project costs49 Capacity constraints50 Regional fragmentation and state politics51 Emerging trends and volatility of demand52 Opportunities53 More consistent and cost-effective maintenance53 More intentional, flexible, and risky capital upgrades54 Building a 21st century infrastruc

6、ture vision56 Measure57 Asset inventories58 Environmental impact analysis59 Benchmarking workforce, household, and small business prosperity60 Federal Data Reserve62 Modernize62 Physical standards63 Physical network upgrades64 Equitable access68 Fiscal capacity-building68 Experiment69 Technology tes

7、ting70 Data systems72 Future of work73 State and local fiscal laboratory74 Wheres the money? Funding and financing a new infrastructure vision77 General fund78 Direct taxes79 Financing79 Conclusion81 Further reading82 Endnotes86 Acknowledgements108 More information109 PAGE 4BROOKINGS METROPOLITAN PO

8、LICY PROGRAM Executive summary P olicymakers, practitioners, and the general public increasingly agree that our infrastructure systems are under pressure. Extreme weather impacts such as storm surges and chronic issues such as coastal flooding continue to wreak havoc on our cities and towns. A lack

9、of world-leading digital infrastructure has made it harder for manufacturers, farms, and other businesses to compete in the global information economy. Outdated pipes and streets impact the health and safety of too many people. Yet these mounting challenges also build the case for a forceful respons

10、e. Simply repairing our outmoded infrastructure systems with the same traditional policies, technologies, and designs is not enough. Americans are ready for a grand reimagining of and reinvestment in our infrastructure to revitalize the transportation, water, energy, and broadband systems that power